英语动词时态

英语基本时态——一般现在时、过去时和将来时,现在进行时和现在完成时。为时间表达打下坚实基础。

为什么时态在英语中很重要

有些语言通过上下文词("昨天"、"明天")来表达时间,而不是改变动词本身。英语两者都用——既使用时间词,又改变动词形式。如果你来自泰语、普通话、越南语或印尼语背景,这将是一个新概念。动词本身必须改变形态来表示事情发生的时间。

好消息:五种时态覆盖了日常英语的绝大部分。掌握这五种,你几乎可以表达任何事情。

一般现在时和一般过去时大约覆盖了日常对话的80%。 如果你刚开始学,先把全部精力集中在这两种时态上。随着自信心增长,再逐渐添加其他时态。不要试图一次学会所有英语时态——总共有十二种,但只有五种对日常交流真正必不可少。

一般现在时:事实、习惯和日常

一般现在时描述通常为真的事情、定期发生的事情或永久状态。它通常不用于正在发生的动作(那是现在进行时)。

构成

主语 动词 例句
I / you / we / they 原形 I eat breakfast at 7.
he / she / it 原形 + -s She eats breakfast at 7.

I drink coffee every morning.

习惯/日常——定期发生的事情。

She works at a hospital.

永久状态——这是她的工作。

第三人称-s是英语中最容易被忘记的规则。 与"he"、"she"和"it"搭配时,动词必须以-s结尾:"She likes it","He goes to school","It costs ten dollars." 忘记这个-s是最常见的语法错误之一,即使是高级学习者也会犯。养成习惯:如果主语是he/she/it,就加-s。

第三人称-s拼写规则

动词词尾 规则 例子
大多数动词 加-s eat → eats, play → plays
-s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z 加-es wash → washes, watch → watches
辅音 + y y变为-ies study → studies, fly → flies
元音 + y 加-s play → plays, say → says
have 不规则 have → has
do 不规则 do → does
go 不规则 go → goes

He watches television after dinner.

以-ch结尾的动词:加-es。

She studies English three times a week.

辅音 + y:y变为-ies。

一般过去时:已完成的动作

一般过去时描述在过去某个特定时间开始并结束的动作。规则动词加"-ed"。不规则动词有必须记忆的独特过去式。

规则动词:加-ed

I walked to school yesterday.

规则:walk + -ed = walked。

She played tennis last weekend.

规则:play + -ed = played。

-ed拼写规则

动词词尾 规则 例子
大多数动词 加-ed walk → walked, clean → cleaned
不发音的-e 加-d like → liked, live → lived
辅音 + y y变为-ied study → studied, try → tried
短元音 + 辅音 双写辅音 + -ed stop → stopped, plan → planned

不规则动词:大挑战

不规则动词不遵循-ed模式。它们的过去式必须记忆。以下是你每天都需要用到的最常见的。

I went to the store this morning.

"Go" → "went"——完全不规则。

She ate lunch at noon.

"Eat" → "ate"——元音完全改变。

原形 一般过去时 过去分词 含义
go went gone 去某个地方
eat ate eaten 吃东西
see saw seen 用眼睛看
buy bought bought 购买
think thought thought 思考
come came come 到达
make made made 制作
take took taken 拿,需要
give gave given 给某人
know knew known 知道
say said said 说话
get got got/gotten 获得,收到
find found found 发现
tell told told 告知
write wrote written 写字
run ran run 快速移动
read read read 阅读文字(发音改变!)
speak spoke spoken 说话
drink drank drunk 喝液体
begin began begun 开始

"Read"的过去式拼写和现在时一样——但发音不同。 现在时:"I read books"(reed)。过去时:"I read a book yesterday"(red)。这是英语中少数拼写不变但发音完全改变的动词之一。

一般将来时:Will和Going To

英语有两种主要方式谈论将来:"will"和"be going to"。两者都表达将来的动作,但有略微不同的语感。

Will + 动词原形

"Will"用于即兴决定、承诺、预测和提议。

I will help you with your homework.

即兴提议——在说话的那一刻做出的决定。

It will rain tomorrow.

预测——基于看法或一般信念。

Be Going To + 动词原形

"Going to"用于计划好的意图和基于当前证据的预测。

I am going to visit Japan next year.

计划好的意图——在说话之前已经决定。

Look at those clouds — it is going to rain.

基于证据的预测——现在可以看到乌云。

Will vs Going To

情况 使用 例句
即兴决定 will "I'll have the chicken."(现在决定)
事先计划 going to "I'm going to have a party."(已经计划好)
承诺 will "I will always love you."
预测(看法) will "I think it will be sunny."
预测(证据) going to "She's going to have a baby."(明显怀孕)

在日常口语中,"will"缩写为"'ll"(I'll, she'll, they'll),"going to"常常变成**"gonna"**(I'm gonna go)。两者在口语中都是标准的。"Gonna"在正式写作中应避免使用,但在日常对话中完全正常。

现在进行时:正在发生或近期将来

现在进行时描述此刻正在发生的动作或安排在近期将来的动作。由am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式构成。

构成

主语 构成 例句
I am + -ing I am eating lunch.
you / we / they are + -ing They are watching TV.
he / she / it is + -ing She is reading a book.

I am studying English right now.

此刻正在发生的动作。

She is meeting her friend tomorrow.

近期将来的安排——已经计划好了。

-ing拼写规则

动词词尾 规则 例子
大多数动词 加-ing eat → eating, read → reading
不发音的-e 去掉-e,加-ing make → making, write → writing
短元音 + 辅音 双写辅音 + -ing run → running, sit → sitting
-ie 变为-ying die → dying, lie → lying
-ee 加-ing(保留两个e) see → seeing, agree → agreeing

She is making dinner for us.

去掉不发音的-e:make → making。

The children are running in the park.

双写辅音:run → running(短元音 + 辅音)。

"I am eat"是错误的。"I am eating"才是正确的。 现在进行时总是需要-ing形式。描述正在进行的动作时,在am/is/are后面使用原形是常见错误。"She is study"是错误的——必须是"She is studying." 一定要加-ing。

一般现在时 vs 现在进行时

一般现在时 现在进行时
I eat rice every day.(习惯) I am eating rice right now.(正在发生)
She works at a bank.(永久) She is working from home today.(临时)
Water boils at 100°C.(事实) The water is boiling — turn off the stove!(此刻)

现在完成时:过去的动作,现在的关联

现在完成时将过去和现在联系起来。它描述在当前时刻有结果或关联的过去动作。由have/has + 过去分词构成。

构成

主语 构成 例句
I / you / we / they have + 过去分词 I have eaten lunch.
he / she / it has + 过去分词 She has visited Paris.

I have been to Japan three times.

到目前为止的人生经历——确切时间不重要。

She has already finished her homework.

有现在关联的已完成动作——作业现在已经做完了。

Since vs For

与现在完成时搭配使用的两个最重要的词:

搭配使用 含义 例句
since 时间点 从那一刻到现在 since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child
for 时间段 持续多长时间 for three years, for two hours, for a long time

I have lived here since 2020.

"Since" + 具体时间点。

I have lived here for five years.

"For" + 持续时间。

美式英语和英式英语对现在完成时的使用不同。 英式英语使用更广泛:"I've just eaten"(英式)。美式英语经常在英式用现在完成时的地方使用一般过去时:"I just ate"(美式)。两者在各自的方言中都是正确的。如果你听到美国人说"Did you eat yet?"而不是"Have you eaten yet?",这不是错误——只是美式偏好。

现在完成时 vs 一般过去时

现在完成时 一般过去时
I have lost my keys.(还没找到——现在有关联) I lost my keys yesterday.(特定过去时间)
She has visited France.(一生中某个时候——没有特定时间) She visited France in 2019.(给出了特定时间)
Have you eaten yet?(你现在饿吗?) Did you eat lunch?(问的是特定的过去事件)

"I have went"是错误的。"I have gone"才是正确的。 现在完成时使用过去分词,它有时与一般过去时形式不同。"Went"是一般过去时;"gone"是过去分词。常见错误:"I have ate"(应该是"eaten"),"She has wrote"(应该是"written"),"They have ran"(应该是"run")。一定要检查不规则动词表的第三列。

所有时态的常见错误

错误 更正 规则
She like coffee. She likes coffee. 一般现在时第三人称-s
I didn't went. I didn't go. did/didn't后用原形
She don't know. She doesn't know. 第三人称用"doesn't"
I am eat now. I am eating now. 现在进行时必须用-ing
I have went there. I have gone there. 过去分词,不是一般过去时
He is work today. He is working today. 现在进行时必须用-ing
She eats right now. She is eating right now. "Right now"需要现在进行时
I am knowing the answer. I know the answer. "Know"是状态动词——不能用进行时

快速参考表

时态 构成 例句 用途
一般现在时 动词原形(he/she/it加-s) I eat / She eats 习惯、事实、日常
一般过去时 -ed(规则)或不规则形式 I walked / She went 已完成的过去动作
一般将来时(will) will + 动词原形 I will eat 决定、承诺、预测
一般将来时(going to) am/is/are going to + 动词原形 I am going to eat 计划、基于证据的预测
现在进行时 am/is/are + -ing I am eating 正在发生、近期计划
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 I have eaten 与现在有关联的过去、经历

总结

英语时态通过改变动词形式来表达时间。以下是要点:

  1. 一般现在时用于习惯和事实 — "I eat rice every day" — 别忘了第三人称-s
  2. 一般过去时用于已完成的动作 — 规则动词加-ed,但许多常用动词是不规则的,需要记忆
  3. 一般将来时用"will"或"going to" — "will"用于即兴决定,"going to"用于计划
  4. 现在进行时用于此刻 — am/is/are + -ing:"I am eating" — 绝对不能说"I am eat"
  5. 现在完成时连接过去和现在 — have/has + 过去分词:"I have been to Japan"
  6. Since标记时间点,for标记持续时间 — "since 2020," "for five years"
  7. did/didn't后面用动词原形 — "didn't go",绝对不能说"didn't went"
  8. 一般现在时和一般过去时覆盖80%的日常对话 — 先掌握这两种,然后逐步拓展